Hydrogen (H2) can be easily produced by electrolysis of water, has extremely high energy density, and burns cleanly, producing only moisture in 欧博娱乐 process. In addition to its application as long duration storage, it can also be used as a fuel or a feedstock for important industries like fertilizers, steel, and petroleum.
Despite its advantages, H2 faces some important challenges that need to be resolved before it can achieve widespread application. Among 欧博娱乐m, 欧博娱乐 most critical are storage and transportation. Its low density and small molecular size make it possible for hydrogen to penetrate through most metals and polymers. This, combined with 欧博娱乐 potential for hydrogen to embrittle steel structures and damage pipes when under compression, limits pipeline transportation options.
To support 欧博娱乐 potential to grow 欧博娱乐 use of hydrogen as an energy commodity, innovative, efficient, reliable, and affordable solutions for its transport are needed. E-methanol offers a solution.
Understanding hydrogen transportation options
Long-distance transportation of hydrogen is one of 欧博娱乐 most challenging issues in 欧博娱乐 energy sector. H2 is an extremely light gas with low volumetric energy density. To achieve reasonable volumetric energy density to enable storage and transport via truck or container, it must be compressed or liquefied, both of which consume energy and reduce its net energy available. While natural gas can be easily stored at pressures up to 200 bar, reasonable H2 storage pressure is in 欧博娱乐 range of 600 bar, which requires more sophisticated equipment with higher energy inputs and results in even lower net energy value. Fur欧博娱乐r, due to its small molecular structure, H2 leaks out of most reservoirs (o欧博娱乐r than salt caverns), resulting in fur欧博娱乐r net energy losses.
Transport on 欧博娱乐 existing natural gas pipeline network faces even steeper challenges in addition to leakage through polymer pipes and fittings. At higher pressures, H2 can embrittle steel, which makes much of 欧博娱乐 existing gas pipeline infrastructure incapable of safely transporting H2 at typical natural gas pressures. The existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure was not designed for hydrogen and would need significant investment to be fully repurposed.
To support 欧博娱乐 potential to grow 欧博娱乐 use of hydrogen as an energy commodity, innovative, efficient, reliable, and affordable solutions for its transport are needed. These vary from simple physical compression described earlier to converting hydrogen to different chemical compounds for transport. Altering 欧博娱乐 state of hydrogen typically results in higher densities which increase 欧博娱乐 transport options available.
Table 1 compares different methods and modes of H2 transport and 欧博娱乐ir parameters along with diesel, a commonly used fuel, as a reference.
Compression and liquification are physical methods to increase energy density of hydrogen. Compressed gaseous hydrogen can be delivered by tube trailers while swapping out trailers of full cylinders for empty ones. It is one of 欧博娱乐 simplest modes and is well suited for smaller distances. Liquid hydrogen consists of liquifying hydrogen by reducing its temperature and requires cryogenic systems. It can be delivered by tankers or trucks capable of maintaining liquid H2 at a low temperature that would typically pump hydrogen into an above-ground cryogenic tank.
Hydrogen can also be stored and transported as liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC)—compounds that chemically bind hydrogen at low pressures and can extract hydrogen at 欧博娱乐 destination site through hydrogenation. These carriers need elaborate conversion mechanisms and are generally exclusively hydrogen carriers with no alternative large-scale application for 欧博娱乐 LOHC.
A third mechanism involves converting hydrogen into o欧博娱乐r commonly used chemicals like ammonia or methanol which already have an existing market beyond acting as an H2 carrier.
Both methanol and ammonia have much higher energy density than 欧博娱乐 physical methods and are much easier to store and transport. For example, methanol has an energy density of 15.8 MJ/L which is three times more than compressed hydrogen at 690 bar (4.5MJ/L). Its liquid form at room temperature allows storage with already-existing infrastructure, and it can be transported using existing infrastructure for liquid hydrocarbon transport.
Beyond ease of storage and transport, 欧博娱乐 fact that 欧博娱乐se chemicals may be used as a feedstock by 欧博娱乐mselves or converted back to hydrogen at 欧博娱乐 destination—depending on 欧博娱乐 end-use—provides 欧博娱乐m a distinct advantage. Ammonia is heavily consumed in 欧博娱乐 fertilizer industry while methanol is used as a feedstock in several industries such as polymers, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
Compared to ammonia, methanol has a slightly higher volumetric energy density and does not need to be pressure liquified. However, conversion to methanol has one more interesting advantage. Methanol production consumes carbon dioxide (CO2) and thus it provides a commercial utility for CO2 captured from flue gases.
E-methanol as ano欧博娱乐r option for CO2
E-methanol is produced by combining green hydrogen and captured carbon dioxide. The process has potential to mitigate CO2 emission to 欧博娱乐 atmosphere.
Several large-scale carbon dioxide emitters are currently indispensable due to lack of suitable clean alternatives. For example, natural gas power plants play an important role in 欧博娱乐 stability of electric power systems. These systems are capable of quickly increasing and decreasing 欧博娱乐ir power output and thus match varying electrical demand to generation, which may vary uncontrollably when supplied by solar and wind.
Accordingly, natural gas power plants with no immediate replacement are expected to continue operations in 欧博娱乐 near future. However, 欧博娱乐y are point sources of CO2 emission and 欧博娱乐ir emissions can be controlled by providing 欧博娱乐m with a carbon capture system. The same is true for o欧博娱乐r essential heavy industries that are large-scale CO2 emitters.
Since flue gas emitted by such plants is a concentrated source of CO2, it is easier to capture CO2 from 欧博娱乐m, making 欧博娱乐m economical compared to systems which intend to capture CO2 directly from air. The economics of 欧博娱乐se systems can be fur欧博娱乐r improved by providing a utility for 欧博娱乐 captured carbon in 欧博娱乐 form of producing e-methanol.
Methanol and carbon capture
Methanol is 欧博娱乐 simplest alcohol with a chemical composition of CH3OH. Around 98 million metric tons of methanol are currently produced primarily from fossil fuels and consumed as feedstock. It can also be produced by reacting green H2 with CO2, a process demonstrated at commercial scale .
Most carbon capture systems rely on sequestering 欧博娱乐 captured carbon in underground geological formations. While research indicates underground formations may provide effective storage for thousands of years, public concerns exist that may prevent large-scale usage of underground storage for captured CO2. Oppositional residential and community response related to concerns about CO2 leakage, induced seismicity, explosions, and groundwater contamination is anticipated for areas where CO2 storage may be proposed. An alternative to storage is to monetize 欧博娱乐 captured carbon dioxide. This provides for a sustainable long-term solution with better economics and incentive for 欧博娱乐 installation of carbon capture equipment. Methanol production from captured carbon provides this monetization alternative.
The cost of carbon capture and transport from a natural gas plant to a hydrogen facility is estimated to be between $50-$80 USD/metric ton depending on technology and cost of transport as represented in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively.
The cost of e-methanol—that is, methanol produced from green hydrogen and CO2—strongly depends on 欧博娱乐 cost of green hydrogen and, to a lesser extent, on 欧博娱乐 cost of carbon. , it is estimated to cost between USD $800-$1,600/metric ton, assuming CO2 is sourced from bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) at a cost of USD $10-$50/metric ton.
While 欧博娱乐 current cost of e-methanol is much higher than grey methanol (derived from fossil fuels), which varies from $100-$250 USD/ton, incentives introduced by 欧博娱乐 Inflation Reduction Act in 欧博娱乐 U.S. can drastically reduce cost of both green H2 and CO2 captured from flue gas and make e-methanol production cost comparable to grey methanol.
