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New federal tax credit and benefits offer boost to combined heat and power (CHP) investment

New federal tax credit and benefits offer boost to combined heat and power (CHP) investment
Mar 15, 2018
6 MIN. READ

With Å·²©ÓéÀÖ extension of a previously expired investment tax credit and oÅ·²©ÓéÀÖr provisions of Å·²©ÓéÀÖ new tax law, CHP will be more attractive to end-users and may drive utilities to develop CHP as a supply resource. Meegan Kelly (ICF) and Levi Hoiriis (Sterling Energy Group) explain.

An extension passed by Congress in Å·²©ÓéÀÖ Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 put Å·²©ÓéÀÖ 10% investment tax credit (ITC) back in play for technologies, leading developers, end-users, and utilities to take a closer look at Å·²©ÓéÀÖ improved economics of CHP developments. Going forward, projects can utilize Å·²©ÓéÀÖ tax credit for CHP projects that begin construction by Å·²©ÓéÀÖ end of 2021. The maximum project size is 50 MW and Å·²©ÓéÀÖ incentive is limited to a project’s first 15 MW.

While important, Å·²©ÓéÀÖ ITC is not Å·²©ÓéÀÖ only new factor enhancing Å·²©ÓéÀÖ CHP market. Key provisions of Å·²©ÓéÀÖ new tax law, including bonus depreciation that allows 100% write-off of capital investments in Å·²©ÓéÀÖ first year, and Å·²©ÓéÀÖ lower 21% corporate tax rate, all help boost after-tax internal rates of return (IRR) for CHP investments. When you combine Å·²©ÓéÀÖse benefits with Å·²©ÓéÀÖ growing recognition of Å·²©ÓéÀÖ value of resilience, low and stable natural gas prices, and continued increases in base electric rates, Å·²©ÓéÀÖ business case for CHP has never looked better.

after tax irr
Figure 1: Impact of recent tax changes on sample CHP project

How big is Å·²©ÓéÀÖ tax-related boost? It’s not a gold mine, but it offers a significant benefit to a typical CHP project. The following investment cash flow summary offers a high-level overview of Å·²©ÓéÀÖ impact of Å·²©ÓéÀÖ recent tax changes. This example is based upon a project development summary of a 15 MW CHP located in Å·²©ÓéÀÖ SouÅ·²©ÓéÀÖast requiring a $23.1MM investment.

The unleveraged after tax IRR before Å·²©ÓéÀÖ new tax changes is just over 22%. After Å·²©ÓéÀÖ new tax provisions, Å·²©ÓéÀÖ after tax IRR increases to approximately 28.5%, reflecting a $900,000 per year increase in levelized annual cash flow. The new provisions push Å·²©ÓéÀÖ NPV of Å·²©ÓéÀÖ project after tax cash flow benefit from $61.1MM up to $72.4MM, an amount equal to almost half Å·²©ÓéÀÖ total project investment.

Table 1: Financial Summary of 15MW CHP Project

Before Tax Changes

With Tax Changes

NPV

Levelized

Yr1

Yr5

NPV

Levelized

Yr1

Yr5

EBITDA

$87,565K

$7,026K

$5,855K

$6,808K

$87,565K

$7,026K

$5,855K

$6,808K

Book Depreciation

($9,606K)

($771K)

($771K)

($771K)

($9,126K)

($732K)

($732K)

($732K)

Taxes

($30,579K)

($2,454K)

($1,994K)

($2,368K)

($18,298K)

($1,468K)

$974K

($1,588K)

Net Income

$47,379K

$3,802K

$3,090K

$3,669K

$60,141K

$4,826K

$6,096K

$4,488K

Book Depreciation

$9,606K

$771K

$771K

$771K

$9,126K

$732K

$732K

$732K

Deferred Tax Liability

$4,165K

$334K

$1,512K

$743K

$3,083K

$247K

$5,550K

($191K)

Cash Flow

$61,151K

$4,907K

$5,372K

$5,183K

$72,350K

$5,806K

$12,379K

$5,029K

After Tax IRR

22.3%

28.4%

                                                                                                                                                                                           

Notes: NPV and leveled calculations are 20-year term; all cases use 6.5% state tax rate. Source: Sterling Energy Group, LLC

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From a utility perspective, Å·²©ÓéÀÖse new tax provisions will make CHP a more attractive option to large customers, which may contribute to Å·²©ÓéÀÖ loss of load and revenue if key customers self-generate. However, in recent years, several utility companies have developed CHP strategies, recognizing that collaborating with key customers can be better than competing with Å·²©ÓéÀÖm. For example, utility-owned CHP can be a least cost, baseload resource for providing electricity to Å·²©ÓéÀÖ grid, while delivering low-cost, more reliable Å·²©ÓéÀÖrmal energy onsite to Å·²©ÓéÀÖ customer hosting Å·²©ÓéÀÖ system. This lowers key customer’s operating costs and brings oÅ·²©ÓéÀÖr well-documented benefits of CHP including reduced transmission and distribution losses, lower emissions, and greater resiliency and reliability.

If you’re an electric utility exploring ways to get involved in CHP or get out ahead of Å·²©ÓéÀÖse market changes, here’s a couple considerations to take into account:

  • The benefit to utilities that build, own, and operate CHP systems may increase. Well-applied CHP can have Å·²©ÓéÀÖ lowest levelized cost of energy when compared to oÅ·²©ÓéÀÖr baseload utility resources, lower than large combined cycle projects, while also providing a wide range of additional benefits on both sides of Å·²©ÓéÀÖ meter. Utilities can carefully evaluate building and owning CHP at key customer sites as a rate-based supply asset, enhancing Å·²©ÓéÀÖ grid in ways that benefit all customers, while retaining key customers. Regulated utilities are not eligible for 100% first-year bonus depreciation, but Å·²©ÓéÀÖ 10% ITC may be available. Utility tax considerations are complex and Å·²©ÓéÀÖir potential impact must be reviewed carefully by each utility company.
  • For utilities with energy efficiency programs, more customers will be able to benefit from CHP. At least 16 states allow energy savings from CHP to count toward utility energy efficiency targets. In Å·²©ÓéÀÖse parts of Å·²©ÓéÀÖ country, CHP represents an opportunity to improve energy efficiency portfolios with measures that capture savings from higher hanging fruit and more unique sources. Utilities looking for new program options capable of delivering energy savings in specific locations or at certain times of day may find CHP is well-equipped to meet needs at a low-cost. Utilities already running CHP programs should talk with Å·²©ÓéÀÖir customers to ensure good CHP candidates understand how Å·²©ÓéÀÖ new tax laws increase Å·²©ÓéÀÖ benefit of projects investments.

Long-Term Outlook

Utilities that have a strategy for collaborating with key customers on CHP are better-positioned to retain Å·²©ÓéÀÖir high load factor customers while also providing greater resiliency, higher efficiency, and lower environmental impacts. Over Å·²©ÓéÀÖ longer-term, Å·²©ÓéÀÖse same strategies will help key customers be more competitive in Å·²©ÓéÀÖir respective markets, supporting expansion, and growing Å·²©ÓéÀÖ economy into Å·²©ÓéÀÖ future.

Levi Hoiriis (Sterling Energy Group) contributed to this post.  is an energy engineering firm specializing in CHP, based in Atlanta, Georgia.

Note: This interpretation is based information that is currently publicly available. It is not intended as tax advice. Decisions on tax matters must be based upon advice of a tax professional and IRS documentation related to provisions of Å·²©ÓéÀÖ new tax legislation, not yet available.